Potato Pack For Pigs Produce Fodder V 1.0
CLICK HERE --->>> https://urllie.com/2tlw7y
For rumen animals such as cattle and sheep, use raw potatoes. One of the most successful methods of storing and feeding potatoes is to ensile them with a roughage source such as ground alfalfa or other hays. Choking has not been reported as a problem when potatoes are packed into bunker silos and allowed to ferment for two or more weeks. For desirable fermentation, the dry matter of the feeds in the silo should be 35-45 percent. Since potatoes are high in moisture, for proper fermentation add dried feeds to lower the dry matter level of the silo pack. Success has been reported with mixes of 400-500 pounds of dry hay and a ton of potatoes. The resulting mix will contain 33-38 percent dry matter. Dan Hinman of the University of Idaho suggests a blend of 80 percent potatoes, 16 percent dry ground hay (300 to 350 pounds per ton of potatoes), and 4 percent ground grain (80 pounds). The dry hay will soak up any excess moisture in the potatoes.
By mixing with water, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in various feed ingredients proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol which reduces the pH of the mixture [2]. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed [3]. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella from developing in the gastrointestinal tract [2].
Since weaner pigs often have a higher dry matter intake when fed liquid feed or fermented liquid feed than when fed dry diets, when formulating diets to be used as fermented liquid feed, care should be taken to formulate on the basis of realistic estimates of dry matter intake. Otherwise, the piglets will consume too much of nutrients such as proteins which can depress feed utilization and ultimately depress dry matter intake [39] or cause protein-induced diarrhoea [7]. Brooks [7] pointed out that the fermentation of a nutritionally balanced feed will improve performance only if it increases feed intake or improves gut health. If intake is unaffected, it may well be that the biochemical changes produced by fermentation will produce a diet that is less nutritionally balanced.
This study was undertaken to assess the potential for sweet potato silage making business by estimating sweet potato vines and root wastage and assessing the economic feasibility of investing in sweet potato silage. Information was collected through key informant interviews, secondary data review, sweet potato root peeling and weighing, focus group discussions with pig and sweet potato producers covering a sample of 180 farmers. Semi-structured interviews with 240 respondents (120 sweet potato farmers, 60 pig farmers and 60 sweet potato traders) were also conducted. The results showed that sweet potato production is seasonal with substantial wastage of sweet potato components existing across the various nodes of the sweet potato value chain. The study concludes that there is an opportunity for investment in sweet potato silage business that has the potential to reduce wastage of sweet potato and bridge the feed scarcity gap faced by pig farmers.
In smallholder farming systems in Uganda, pigs are fed on kitchen food wastes and crop residues, especially sweet potato vines (Dione et al 2015). However, the availability of vines is highly seasonal, leaving farmers with limited feed options during many periods of the year. Supplements based on commercial feed concentrates are expensive and generally unaffordable to smallholders. This dilemma presents an opportunity to invest in silage technologies that have the potential to reduce wastage of sweet potato residues in order to bridge the feed scarcity gap.
Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with value chain actors, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), weighing of sweet potato roots and peels and interactions with key-informants. A multistage sampling technique was employed, whereby the sub-counties within the two districts to be visited were selected based on their involvement in the CIP and ILRI programmes. First, the two district production officers were approached as key informants and they provided information about sweet potato and pig production in their districts. The next stage involved selecting three sub-counties in each district and one village in each of them where the major focus of most farmers was either sweet potato growing or pig production. This gave a total of six villages for sweet potato farmers and six villages for pig producers. Local council officers from each village provided farmer lists from which a random sample of 120 sweet potato farmers (20 from each village) and 60 pig producers (10 from each village) were selected. Fifteen pig and sweet potato farmers from each village were also randomly selected from the lists provided to participate in the FGDs. A total of 12 FGDs were conducted in the two districts. From information provided by the FGD participants, 60 sweet potato traders (urban traders and local collectors/traders), 30 from each district, were also randomly selected and interviewed individually. The FGDs also provided background information on the production and utilisation of sweet potato in the two districts.
Individual interviews with each of the 120 sweet potato farmers yielded information on the area under sweet potato production, the vine and root yield, including the percentage of big, small and low quality roots, and their utilisation for food, planting material, animal feed, selling, manure, given to neighbours and discarded. Interviews with the 60 pig producers yielded information on the pig numbers kept, the purpose of pig rearing, feeding systems, seasonal feed availability, conservation and utilization. Other information gathered from pig farmers was pig feed/fodder production and trade, feed problems and potential solutions. For each sweet potato farmer, yield, was estimated from the numbers of either 150 or 200 kg sacks of harvested roots and either 40 kg sacks or bundles of vines. Root sizes, were estimated by asking farmers what average proportion out of every sack of was big, small and of low quality. Similarly, the percentages of roots and vines discarded were obtained by asking farmers what average proportion out of each harvested sack or bundle was discarded. The proportion and weight of peels was determined from peeled roots collected from random samples of the150 or 200 kg bags of roots. Only peels generated on farm were considered when apportioning their utilisation. The individual interviews with sweet potato traders, generated information on the quantity of sweet potato roots and vines traded and discarded on monthly basis. The later was obtained by asking how many kilograms out of every 150 or 200kg bag of their sweet potato root stock was discarded. The weight obtained was then expressed as the percentage of roots wasted by the trader. Data from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, was used to obtain the overall area under sweet potato production for the two districts.
To examine the economic feasibility of ensiling discarded materials, three scenarios were examined. The first comprised a silage composition of 95% vines and 5% maize bran. In this scenario, all the vines available for ensiling represented 95% of the silage requirement. The second comprised 75% vines, 20% roots and 5%maize bran. In this scenario, the 20% represented all the available discarded roots to which the required proportions of sweet potato and maize bran were added. The third comprised all the vines and roots that would otherwise be wasted representing 95% of the silage composition with 5% maize bran added. The variable and fixed costs for ensiling and the calculation of expected revenues were based on current market prices. To calculate the fixed costs for ensiling, it was assumed that the Chopper machine used for processing produces 0.5 t h -1 silage material and works for 10 h per day. At full capacity, one machine produces 1825 t of silage per year. Additional material required the purchase of a second machine.
The total quantity of vines wasted per acre per season in the Kamuli and Masaka was projected to be 64887 t (Table 3). Wasted roots were 12536 t for the two districts combined. Wasted roots added onto the discarded vines gave an overall total of 77423 t of material that could potentially be ensiled. Under the third scenario for ensiling these materials, where all the 77423 t of discarded sweet potato root and vine were treated with 5% maize bran, this would translate into an overall 81498 t of silage produced per each of the two seasons for the two districts (Table 3).
Considering that the cost per kg of silage at that time was 400 UGX, this would translate to total revenue of 32.6 billion UGX, if the wasted sweet potato components are utilized to produce silage. However, to produce all this volume of silage, the entrepreneur would incur 16.9 billion UGX in variable and fixed costs resulting into a potential profit of 15.7 billion UGX. Thus, making investment in silage economically feasible (Table 6).
One way to measure this competition for land is to compute human-edible protein and energy conversion ratios (Wilkinson 2011; Dijkstra et al. 2013). These conversion ratios represent the amount of energy or protein in animal feed that is potentially edible for humans over the amount of energy or protein in that animal product that is edible for humans. Ratios above 1, such as for UK broilers, laying hens, pigs and some cattle, are unsustainable because animals produce less edible protein and/or energy than they consume (Wilkinson 2011). A ratio below 1, such as for UK milk production (Wilkinson 2011), does not immediately imply efficient land use in terms of global food supply because these conversion ratios do not yet include the fact that, for example, grass fed to dairy cows can be produced on land suitable for the cultivation of human food crops, or in other words, they do not include the opportunity costs of land for human food production. 59ce067264
https://www.swordsofglory.com/forum/untitled-category-2/lethal-weapon-2x5